- Definitions and Scope
1.1. A home inspection is a non-invasive, visual examination of the
accessible areas of a residential property (as delineated below), performed for a fee, which is designed to identify defects within specific systems and components defined by these Standards that are both observed and deemed material by the inspector. The scope of work may be modified by the Client and Inspector prior to the inspection process.
I The home inspection is based on the observations made on the
date of the inspection, and not a prediction of future conditions.
II. The home inspection will not reveal every issue that exists or
ever could exist, but only those material defects observed on the
date of the inspection.
1.2. A material defect is a specific issue with a system or component of a residential property that may have a significant, adverse impact on the value of the property, or that poses an unreasonable risk to people. The fact that a system or component is near, at, or beyond the end of its normal, useful life is not, in itself, a material defect.
1.3. A home inspection report shall identify, in written format, defects within
specific systems and components defined by these Standards that are both
observed and deemed material by the inspector. Inspection reports may
include additional comments and recommendations. - Limitations, Exceptions &
Exclusions
2.1. Limitations:
I. An inspection is not technically exhaustive.
II. An inspection will not identify concealed or latent defects.
III. An inspection will not deal with aesthetic concerns, or what
could be deemed matters of taste, cosmetic defects, etc.
IV. An inspection will not determine the suitability of the property for
any use.
V. An inspection does not determine the market value of the
property or its marketability.
VI. An inspection does not determine the insurability of the
property.
VII. An inspection does not determine the advisability or
inadvisability of the purchase of the inspected property.
VIII. An inspection does not determine the life expectancy of the
property or any components or systems therein.
IX. An inspection does not include items not permanently installed.
X. This Standards of Practice applies to properties with four or
fewer residential units and their attached garages and carports.
2.2. Exclusions:
I. The inspector is not required to determine:
A. property boundary lines or encroachments.
B. the condition of any component or system that is not
readily accessible.
C. the service life expectancy of any component or system.
D. the size, capacity, BTU, performance or efficiency of any
component or system.
E. the cause or reason of any condition.
F. the cause for the need of correction, repair or replacement
of any system or component.
G. future conditions.
H. compliance with codes or regulations.
I. the presence of evidence of rodents, birds, bats, animals,
insects, or other pests.
J. the presence of mold, mildew or fungus.
K. the presence of airborne hazards, including radon.
L. the air quality.
M. the existence of environmental hazards, including lead
paint, asbestos or toxic drywall.
N. the existence of electromagnetic fields.
O. any hazardous waste conditions.
P. any manufacturers’ recalls or conformance with
manufacturer installation, or any information included for
consumer protection purposes.
Q. acoustical properties.
R. correction, replacement or repair cost estimates.
S. estimates of the cost to operate any given system.
II. The inspector is not required to operate:
A. any system that is shut down.
B. any system that does not function properly.
C. or evaluate low-voltage electrical systems, such as, but not
limited to: phone lines; cable lines; satellite dishes; antennae; lights; or remote controls.
D. any system that does not turn on with the use of normal
operating controls.
E. any shut-off valves or manual stop valves.
F. any electrical disconnect or over-current protection
devices.
G. any alarm systems.
H. moisture meters, gas detectors or similar equipment.
III. The inspector is not required to:
A. move any personal items or other obstructions, such as,
but not limited to: throw rugs, carpeting, wall coverings,
furniture, ceiling tiles, window coverings, equipment, plants,
ice, debris, snow, water, dirt, pets, or anything else that
might restrict the visual inspection.
B. dismantle, open or uncover any system or component.
C. enter or access any area that may, in the inspector’s
opinion, be unsafe.
D. enter crawlspaces or other areas that may be unsafe or not
readily accessible.
E. inspect underground items, such as, but not limited to:
lawn-irrigation systems, or underground storage tanks (or
indications of their presence), whether abandoned or
actively used.
F. do anything that may, in the inspector’s opinion, be unsafe
or dangerous to him/herself or others, or damage property,
such as, but not limited to: walking on roof surfaces,
climbing ladders, entering attic spaces, or negotiating with
pets.
G. inspect decorative items.
H. inspect common elements or areas in multi-unit housing.
I. inspect intercoms, speaker systems or security systems.
J. offer guarantees or warranties.
K. offer or perform any engineering services.
L. offer or perform any trade or professional service other
than a home inspection.
M. research the history of the property, or report on its
potential for alteration, modification, extendibility or
suitability for a specific or proposed use for occupancy.
N. determine the age of construction or installation of any
system, structure or component of a building, or
differentiate between original construction and subsequent
additions, improvements, renovations or replacements.
O. determine the insurability of a property.
P. perform or offer Phase 1 or environmental audits.
Q. inspect any system or component that is not included in
these Standards. - Standards of Practice
3.1. Roof
I. The inspector shall inspect from ground level or the eaves:
A. the roof-covering materials;
B. the gutters;
C. the downspouts;
D. the vents, flashing, skylights, chimney, and other roof
penetrations; and
E. the general structure of the roof from the readily accessible
panels, doors or stairs.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. the type of roof-covering materials.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. observed indications of active roof leaks.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. walk on any roof surface.
B. predict the service life expectancy.
C. inspect underground downspout diverter drainage pipes.
D. remove snow, ice, debris or other conditions that prohibit
the observation of the roof surfaces.
E. move insulation.
F. inspect antennae, satellite dishes, lightning arresters, deicing
equipment, or similar attachments.
G. walk on any roof areas that appear, in the inspector’s
opinion, to be unsafe.
H. walk on any roof areas if doing so might, in the inspector’s
opinion, cause damage.
I. perform a water test.
J. warrant or certify the roof.
K. confirm proper fastening or installation of any roof-covering
material.
3.2. Exterior
I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. the exterior wall-covering materials;
B. the eaves, soffits and fascia;
C. a representative number of windows;
D. all exterior doors;
E. flashing and trim;
F. adjacent walkways and driveways;
G. stairs, steps, stoops, stairways and ramps;
H. porches, patios, decks, balconies and carports;
I. railings, guards and handrails; and
J. vegetation, surface drainage, retaining walls and grading of
the property, where they may adversely affect the structure
due to moisture intrusion.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. the type of exterior wall-covering materials.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. any improper spacing between intermediate balusters,
spindles and rails.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. inspect or operate screens, storm windows, shutters,
awnings, fences, outbuildings, or exterior accent lighting.
B. inspect items that are not visible or readily accessible from
the ground, including window and door flashing.
C. inspect or identify geological, geotechnical, hydrological or
soil conditions.
D. inspect recreational facilities or playground equipment.
E. inspect seawalls, breakwalls or docks.
F. inspect erosion-control or earth-stabilization measures.
G. inspect for safety-type glass.
H. inspect underground utilities.
I. inspect underground items.
J. inspect wells or springs.
K. inspect solar, wind or geothermal systems.
L. inspect swimming pools or spas.
M. inspect wastewater treatment systems, septic systems or
cesspools.
N. inspect irrigation or sprinkler systems.
O. inspect drainfields or dry wells.
P. determine the integrity of multiple-pane window glazing or
thermal window seals.
3.3. Basement, Foundation, Crawlspace & Structure
I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. the foundation;
B. the basement;
C. the crawlspace; and
D. structural components.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. the type of foundation; and
B. the location of the access to the under-floor space.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. observed indications of wood in contact with or near soil;
B. observed indications of active water penetration;
C. observed indications of possible foundation movement,
such as sheetrock cracks, brick cracks, out-of-square door
frames, and unlevel floors; and
D. any observed cutting, notching and boring of framing
members that may, in the inspector’s opinion, present a
structural or safety concern.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. enter any crawlspace that is not readily accessible, or
where entry could cause damage or pose a hazard to
him/herself.
B. move stored items or debris.
C. operate sump pumps with inaccessible floats.
D. identify the size, spacing, span or location or determine the
adequacy of foundation bolting, bracing, joists, joist
spans or support systems.
E. provide any engineering or architectural service.
F. report on the adequacy of any structural system or
component.
3.4. Heating
I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. the heating system, using normal operating controls.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. the location of the thermostat for the heating system;
B. the energy source; and
C. the heating method.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. any heating system that did not operate; and
B. if the heating system was deemed inaccessible.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. inspect, measure, or evaluate the interior of flues or
chimneys, fire chambers, heat exchangers, combustion air
systems, fresh-air intakes, makeup air, humidifiers,
dehumidifiers, electronic air filters, geothermal systems, or
solar heating systems.
B. inspect fuel tanks or underground or concealed fuel supply
systems.
C. determine the uniformity, temperature, flow, balance,
distribution, size, capacity, BTU, or supply adequacy of the
heating system.
D. light or ignite pilot flames.
E. activate heating, heat pump systems, or other heating
systems when ambient temperatures or other
circumstances are not conducive to safe operation or may
damage the equipment.
F. override electronic thermostats.
G. evaluate fuel quality.
H. verify thermostat calibration, heat anticipation, or automatic
setbacks, timers, programs or clocks.
I. measure or calculate the air for combustion, ventilation, or
dilution of flue gases for appliances.
3.5. Cooling
I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. the cooling system, using normal operating controls.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. the location of the thermostat for the cooling system; and
B. the cooling method.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. any cooling system that did not operate; and
B. if the cooling system was deemed inaccessible.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. determine the uniformity, temperature, flow, balance,
distribution, size, capacity, BTU, or supply adequacy of the
cooling system.
B. inspect portable window units, through-wall units, or
electronic air filters.
C. operate equipment or systems if the exterior temperature is
below 65° Fahrenheit, or when other circumstances are not
conducive to safe operation or may damage the
equipment.
D. inspect or determine thermostat calibration, cooling
anticipation, or automatic setbacks or clocks.
E. examine electrical current, coolant fluids or gases, or
coolant leakage.
3.6. Plumbing
I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. the main water supply shut-off valve;
B. the main fuel supply shut-off valve;
C. the water heating equipment, including the energy source,
venting connections, temperature/pressure-relief (TPR)
valves, Watts 210 valves, and seismic bracing;
D. interior water supply, including all fixtures and faucets, by
running the water;
E. all toilets for proper operation by flushing;
F. all sinks, tubs and showers for functional drainage;
G. the drain, waste and vent system; and
H. drainage sump pumps with accessible floats.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. whether the water supply is public or private based upon
observed evidence;
B. the location of the main water supply shut-off valve;
C. the location of the main fuel supply shut-off valve;
D. the location of any observed fuel-storage system; and
E. the capacity of the water heating equipment, if labeled.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. deficiencies in the water supply by viewing the functional
flow in two fixtures operated simultaneously;
B. deficiencies in the installation of hot and cold water
faucets;
C. active plumbing water leaks that were observed during the
inspection; and
D. toilets that were damaged, had loose connections to the
floor, were leaking, or had tank components that did not
operate.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. light or ignite pilot flames.
B. measure the capacity, temperature, age, life expectancy or
adequacy of the water heater.
C. inspect the interior of flues or chimneys, combustion air
systems, water softener or filtering systems, well pumps or
tanks, safety or shut-off valves, floor drains, lawn sprinkler
systems, or fire sprinkler systems.
D. determine the exact flow rate, volume, pressure,
temperature or adequacy of the water supply.
E. determine the water quality, potability or reliability of the
water supply or source.
F. open sealed plumbing access panels.
G. inspect clothes washing machines or their connections.
H. operate any valve.
I. test shower pans, tub and shower surrounds or enclosures
for leakage or functional overflow protection.
J. evaluate the compliance with conservation, energy or
building standards, or the proper design or sizing of any
water, waste or venting components, fixtures or piping.
K. determine the effectiveness of anti-siphon, back-flow
prevention or drain-stop devices.
L. determine whether there are sufficient cleanouts for
effective cleaning of drains.
M. evaluate fuel storage tanks or supply systems.
N. inspect wastewater treatment systems.
O. inspect water treatment systems or water filters.
P. inspect water storage tanks, pressure pumps, or bladder
tanks.
Q. evaluate wait time to obtain hot water at fixtures, or perform
testing of any kind to water heater elements.
R. evaluate or determine the adequacy of combustion air.
S. test, operate, open or close: safety controls, manual stop
valves, temperature/pressure-relief valves, control valves,
or check valves.
T. examine ancillary or auxiliary systems or components,
such as, but not limited to, those related to solar water
heating and hot water circulation.
U. determine the existence or condition of polybutylene,
polyethylene, or similar plastic piping.
V. inspect or test for gas or fuel leaks, or indications thereof.
3.7. Electrical
I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. the service drop;
B. the overhead service conductors and attachment point;
C. the service head, gooseneck and drip loops;
D. the service mast, service conduit and raceway;
E. the electric meter and base;
F. service-entrance conductors;
G. the main service disconnect;
H. panelboards and over-current protection devices (circuit
breakers and fuses);
I. service grounding and bonding;
J. a representative number of switches, lighting fixtures and
receptacles, including receptacles observed and deemed
to be arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI)-protected using the
AFCI test button, where possible;
K. all ground-fault circuit interrupter receptacles and circuit
breakers observed and deemed to be GFCIs using a GFCI
tester, where possible; and
L. for the presence of smoke and carbon-monoxide detectors.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. the main service disconnect’s amperage rating, if labeled;
and
B. the type of wiring observed.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. deficiencies in the integrity of the service-entrance
conductors’ insulation, drip loop, and vertical clearances
from grade and roofs;
B. any unused circuit-breaker panel opening that was not
filled;
C. the presence of solid conductor aluminum branch-circuit
wiring, if readily visible;
D. any tested receptacle in which power was not present,
polarity was incorrect, the cover was not in place, the GFCI
devices were not properly installed or did not operate
properly, evidence of arcing or excessive heat, and where
the receptacle was not grounded or was not secured to the
wall; and
E. the absence of smoke and/or carbon monoxide detectors.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. insert any tool, probe or device into the main panelboard,
sub-panels, distribution panelboards, or electrical fixtures.
B. operate electrical systems that are shut down.
C. remove panelboard cabinet covers or dead fronts.
D. operate or re-set over-current protection devices or
overload devices.
E. operate or test smoke or carbon-monoxide detectors or
alarms.
F. inspect, operate or test any security, fire or alarm systems
or components, or other warning or signaling systems.
G. measure or determine the amperage or voltage of the main
service equipment, if not visibly labeled.
H. inspect ancillary wiring or remote-control devices.
I. activate any electrical systems or branch circuits that are
not energized.
J. inspect low-voltage systems, electrical de-icing tapes,
swimming pool wiring, or any time-controlled devices.
K. verify the service ground.
L. inspect private or emergency electrical supply sources,
including, but not limited to: generators, windmills,
photovoltaic solar collectors, or battery or electrical storage
facility.
M. inspect spark or lightning arrestors.
N. inspect or test de-icing equipment.
O. conduct voltage-drop calculations.
P. determine the accuracy of labeling.
Q. inspect exterior lighting.
3.8. Fireplace
I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. readily accessible and visible portions of the fireplaces and
chimneys;
B. lintels above the fireplace openings;
C. damper doors by opening and closing them, if readily
accessible and manually operable; and
D. cleanout doors and frames.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. the type of fireplace.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. evidence of joint separation, damage or deterioration of the
hearth, hearth extension or chambers;
B. manually operated dampers that did not open and close;
C. the lack of a smoke detector in the same room as the
fireplace;
D. the lack of a carbon-monoxide detector in the same
room as the fireplace; and
E. cleanouts not made of metal, pre-cast cement, or other
non-combustible material.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. inspect the flue or vent system.
B. inspect the interior of chimneys or flues, fire doors or
screens, seals or gaskets, or mantels.
C. determine the need for a chimney sweep.
D. operate gas fireplace inserts.
E. light pilot flames.
F. determine the appropriateness of any installation.
G. inspect automatic fuel-fed devices.
H. inspect combustion and/or make-up air devices.
I. inspect heat-distribution assists, whether gravity-controlled
or fan-assisted.
J. ignite or extinguish fires.
K. determine the adequacy of drafts or draft characteristics.
L. move fireplace inserts, stoves or firebox contents.
M. perform a smoke test.
N. dismantle or remove any component.
O. perform a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)-
style inspection.
P. perform a Phase I fireplace and chimney inspection.
3.9. Attic, Insulation & Ventilation
I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. insulation in unfinished spaces, including attics,
crawlspaces and foundation areas;
B. ventilation of unfinished spaces, including attics,
crawlspaces and foundation areas; and
C. mechanical exhaust systems in the kitchen, bathrooms and
laundry area.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. the type of insulation observed; and
B. the approximate average depth of insulation observed at
the unfinished attic floor area or roof structure.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. the general absence of insulation or ventilation in
unfinished spaces.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. enter the attic or any unfinished spaces that are not readily
accessible, or where entry could cause damage or, in the
inspector’s opinion, pose a safety hazard.
B. move, touch or disturb insulation.
C. move, touch or disturb vapor retarders.
D. break or otherwise damage the surface finish or weather
seal on or around access panels or covers.
E. identify the composition or R-value of insulation material.
F. activate thermostatically operated fans.
G. determine the types of materials used in insulation or
wrapping of pipes, ducts, jackets, boilers or wiring.
H. determine the adequacy of ventilation.
3.10. Doors, Windows & Interior
I. The inspector shall inspect:
A. a representative number of doors and windows by opening
and closing them;
B. floors, walls and ceilings;
C. stairs, steps, landings, stairways and ramps;
D. railings, guards and handrails; and
E. garage vehicle doors and the operation of garage vehicle
door openers, using normal operating controls.
II. The inspector shall describe:
A. a garage vehicle door as manually-operated or installed
with a garage door opener.
III. The inspector shall report as in need of correction:
A. improper spacing between intermediate balusters, spindles
and rails for steps, stairways, guards and railings;
B. photo-electric safety sensors that did not operate properly;
and
C. any window that was obviously fogged or displayed other
evidence of broken seals.
IV. The inspector is not required to:
A. inspect paint, wallpaper, window treatments or finish
treatments.
B. inspect floor coverings or carpeting.
C. inspect central vacuum systems.
D. inspect for safety glazing.
E. inspect security systems or components.
F. evaluate the fastening of islands, countertops, cabinets,
sink tops or fixtures.
G. move furniture, stored items, or any coverings, such
as carpets or rugs, in order to inspect the concealed floor
structure.
H. move suspended-ceiling tiles.
I. inspect or move any household appliances.
J. inspect or operate equipment housed in the garage, except
as otherwise noted.
K. verify or certify the proper operation of any pressureactivated
auto-reverse or related safety feature of a garage
door.
L. operate or evaluate any security bar release and opening
mechanisms, whether interior or exterior, including their
compliance with local, state or federal standards.
M. operate any system, appliance or component that requires
the use of special keys, codes, combinations or devices.
N. operate or evaluate self-cleaning oven cycles, tilt
guards/latches, or signal lights.
O. inspect microwave ovens or test leakage from microwave
ovens.
P. operate or examine any sauna, steam-generating
equipment, kiln, toaster, ice maker, coffee maker, can
opener, bread warmer, blender, instant hot-water
dispenser, or other small, ancillary appliances or devices.
Q. inspect elevators.
R. inspect remote controls.
S. inspect appliances.
T. inspect items not permanently installed.
U. discover firewall compromises.
V. inspect pools, spas or fountains.
W. determine the adequacy of whirlpool or spa jets, water
force, or bubble effects.
X. determine the structural integrity or leakage of pools or
spas.
